2.4 |
BASIC NONPHYSICAL SUBANTHROPIC |
2.4.1 |
PERSONATIVE |
The two main subdivisions of nonphysical subanthropic exclusivism (X.19)
are thought-related (person-centered) exclusivism (X.39) and basic
nonphysical subanthropic exclusivism (X.38). Since all nonphysical
subanthropic
exisms are nonsophistic, basic
can be understood here in the sense of non-thought-related.
Therefore we must first explain what is meant by thought-related
exclusivism. Thought-related person-centered exclusivism
is exism re a nonphysical ('mental' or
'cultural') characteristic of a subclass of human beings which
is directly related to the content of their thoughts or system
of thought, or exism re such a subclass itself. Standard
examples of thought-related exclusivism are the exclusion or
preferential treatment of people on the basis of the denominational
or political ideology adhered to. In the next and last
division of this chapter we will treat of the manifestations of
this thought-related exclusivism.
Basic nonphysical subanthropic exclusivism can, in turn, be
subdivided into personative and nonpersonative, basic nonphysical
subanthropic exclusivism (X.76 & 77). A personative
basic exclusivism is a form of basic nonphysical exclusivism in
which a human being is characterized personally in the context
of a human subculture, or in which a group of human beings is
invested with an own, collective personality. Because of the
kind of exclusivism concerned the quality on the basis of which
the human being or group of human beings is characterized must
be a nonphysical one. This also includes characteristics which
might be believed to be 'physical', like the territory (say, a
region or country) where a person lives; but when the definement
of such a territory and of the exclusivism depend on the
existence of a 'cultural', 'political' or other nonphysical
institution, the characteristic itself and the exclusivism of
which it is an object are ultimately nonphysical as well.
The whole classification system of exclusivisms developed
thus far contains only two so-called 'closed listings of four
exisms' --closed, because any additional exism cannot be
logically conceived of. The first one was the tetratomic
subdivision of nonsophistic exclusivism (X.2) and the second
one is the following, similar subdivision of personative basic
exclusivism (X.76): nonphysical individual (X.304),
subnational (X.305), national (X.306) and
international (union-based) exclusivism (X.307).
National and international exclusivism are
forms of territorial( ex)ism with respect to a nation or a
particular union of nations respectively. Subnational exclusivism
is either territorial or nonterritorial. If it is territorial
a local, a regional and a state-based (subnational) variant
can be distinguished. (Instead of "state" one may also read, for
example, "province" or "republic", so long as it is part of a
greater, sovran whole.) Nationalism (if territorial), tribalism
(if territorial), (regional or local) sectionalism, (regional
or local) provincialism, and localism are globally well-known
examples of territorial personative exclusivism. In practise
these manifestations are more often than not constituents of a
hybridism or other plural exclusivism in combination with exisms
such as generative (particularly ethnical) physical subanthropic
or linguistical and/or ideological, nonphysical subanthropic
exclusivism.
Two intermediary manifestations of territorialism worth
mentioning are normative territorialism and supreme localism. As a
cognition the first operation refers to the belief that it would
depend on the kind of society or 'culture' (defined in territorial
terms) whether egalitarian principles or norms and values
of the same generality would apply or not. Also this normative
territorialism is usually linked up with normative racialism or
ethnical exclusivism. The source of this territorial conception
of morality is, firstly, the boundless faith in what happen to
be the cultural norms of a particular country or other territory
at a particular time, and secondly, the dire confusion of
normative principles themselves and the empirical conditions
under which they are to be applied. An example of supreme
localism, the other intermediary operation referred to, is that
of a god who has taken exclusive possession of a certain city,
or who is believed to be the 'Great King' of that city in
particular. This form of localism cannot be divorced from
ethnocentrism and aggrandizemental nationalism. A supreme example
of the latter kind of territorialism is the belief in and the
description of one particular country as "the Holy Land".
Two nonterritorial forms of subnational exclusivism are
class-related and nonphysical familial exclusivism. Class-related
exclusivism (X.2441) is exism re a socioeconomic class
or caste (as a cultural phenomenon). Class-related exism greatly
resembles many other forms of exism we have already discussed,
such as generative familial exclusivism and race-, age- and
gender-related exclusivism. Moreover, class-based exclusivism or
'classism' has already received so much philosophical, political
and scientific attention that we need not dwell on the
nonrelevance of class-distinctions and their abuse for too long
here. Perhaps a note on class-centered exclusivism should
suffice at this place.
Those who contend that the primary function of ideology is to
support class interests, and that everything people think, feel
and do is part of one great struggle of the classes for power,
suffer from aggrandizemental class-centered exclusivism in the
most objective of ways. It has been pointed out in the Book of
Instruments
(I.6.1.2) how the words
ideology and class
are used in a number of different senses in this reasoning. If the
claim is to approximate to objective reality in some degree,
socioeconomic class is certainly not the only meaning of
it; yet, that is what is our concern here, not 'classes' like
age-groups, sexes or denominations. However, in the politics of
countries in which different socioeconomic classes still exist,
the aggrandizemental class-centered exclusivism of one party
seems to be wedded to the abnegational class-centered exclusivism
of the other. (The road to class-neutral and -transcending
inclusivity is very narrow indeed.) The number of lower- and
middle-class people and generations in the past who have adhered
to, and loyally defended, a religious or political ideology
whose sole ultimate function it was to serve the interests of
the upper-class, is so great that it is incomprehensible that
this number will ever be equaled in the future. It is in these
people's naivety, and in their ignorance of class- or
caste-distinctions implicitly taken for granted, that the
abnegational nature of their attitude lay, or still lies.
Leaving class-related exclusivism behind, we
continue with nonphysical familial exclusivism (X.1221).
This is exism re a family or a member of a family personated and
distinguished on the basis of a nonphysical quality which it has
or is believed to have as a whole or within a whole. (In this
context family is used in the sense of a
consanguineous-matrimonial group of humans, whether they belong to
one household or not.) The manifestations of nonphysical familial
exism do for a large part reflect those of nonphysical individual
exclusivism (X.304), and will therefore be discussed together
here. Nonphysical individual exism is exism re a human individual
distinguished on the basis of a personal nonphysical quality.
Both individuals and whole families can be distinguished from
other individuals or whole families among other things by
reference to their title(s), power, wealth or fame. And in both
cases a title may be hereditary or nonhereditary. Hereditary
title-based familial exclusivism (X.39073) is exism re a caste
or family with a hereditary title like imperial or royal.
In the case of individual exism (X.9729) it concerns titles like
prince or princess. Both forms of titular exclusivism
involve the institution of aristocracy, aristocratic exclusivism
in general and caste-based exclusivism insofar as it is titular
and familial. Hereditary title-based familial exclusivism is
also, together with the sexism inherent in the asymmetrical
distribution of individual titles over both sexes, indicative of
monarchist polities. Wealth-based familial, and especially individual,
exclusivism (X.19538 & 2434) involves the institution of
plutocracy or plutocratic exclusivism in general. If being known
and liked by an unusual number of people is considered something
honorable in itself, and loved for itself, then fame-based familial,
and especially individual, exclusivism (X.19539 & 2435)
involves the institution of timocracy or timocratic exclusivism
in general. In practise, title-, power-, wealth- and fame-based
exclusivism are often closely related to each other and to other
singular and plural exclusivisms.
The types of familial exclusivism listed above are actually
types of interfamilial exclusivism. But since the object of
familial exism is a group of individuals, it also has infrafamilial
manifestations. Thus, authority-based infrafamilial exclusivism
(X.4887) is exism re the authority of (a) family
member(s) personated and distinguished on the basis of
'er/their
position within the family. Patriarchy is a hybrid of the
aggrandizemental component of this exism and androcentrism;
matriarchy is a hybrid of the same component of infrafactorial
exism and gynocentrism.
Individuals are not only treated or regarded differently by
reference to hereditary titles, but also by reference to a
positional title or academic degree. Here a 'positional title'
is meant to be a nonhereditary title someone has acquired
because of 'er rank, office or other position, whether academic
or nonacademic. An (academic) degree is a title conferred upon
someone because
'e has successfully
completed a major program of
study or something equivalent to it. There are considerable
differences with respect to desert and the context in which they
could be relevant (if ever) between hereditary titles, positional
titles and degrees. Even when people are called by a title
because they have personally proved that they possess a certain
skill or praiseworthy quality, the question always remains why
people with a lesser skill or quality should not get a 'lesser
title' instead of no-one at all. This question is particularly
justified in monarchist or aristocratic societies in which
titles (and state incomes) are conferred on (and given to)
infants and people on purely biological-materialist grounds.
But even an extraordinary, official act of distributive
justice in which everyone who had some special skill acquired by
working more or less hard, and in which everyone who had some
special praiseworthy quality proved under conditions more or
less hard, were titled in a way proportionate to the degree of
'er skill or motivational goodness, would not abrogate the
custom of title-based irrelevantism by itself. For the practise
which is most showy and ignoble in this respect is the
employment of a title in a context which is not relevant, simply
because the skill or quality in question is not pertinent to the
kind of situation concerned. But it is certainly not only the
people styling themselves, say, "doctor" or "general" in circumstances
in which their being a doctor or general is not relevant
who indulge in or surrender themselves to titular irrelevantism.
The invisible, dextrous hand of exclusivism puts exactly the
same names on the lips of the untitled. All titular exclusivists
see a master, a lord, a princess, or what have you, where there
is nothing else, where there is nothing less, than a human
being, perhaps skilless or vicious, perhaps skilful or morally
good, perhaps both, perhaps neither.
Positional and degree-based, titular individual exclusivism
are closely related to intellectual (individual) exclusivism
(X.2439), a form of exism to be distinguished in addition to
title-, power- wealth- and fame-based exism. Intellectual exism
can, for example, be intelligence-linked when the object is (an
individual with greater than average) intelligence, or
knowledge-linked when it is (an individual with more than average)
knowledge in general or in a particular field. Intelligence- and
knowledge-based, individual exism manifest themselves especially
in combination with an attitude towards intelligence and knowledge
as tho they were ultimate values in themselves. The
intellectualism of which they are a subspecies is itself a
subspecies of mental individual exclusivism together with the
manifestations of mental ability-related exclusivism (X.4877).
This is the analog of physical ability-related exism (X.292) as
mentioned in section 2.3.3 (Partial-total). It needs no
further elucidation here, since the manifestations of both
exclusivisms run entirely parallel.
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