1.3.2 |
CAN FEELINGS ABOUT MIXED SCRIPTURES BE STEADY? |
Usually an ideology is organized or centered round a body
of writings which are considered authoritative by those concerned.
In the case of a theodemonical
ideology such writings are said to be 'sacred', because they would be
connected in a supernatural or symbolic way with the supreme being itself,
or with another principal being. Sacred, theodemonical or religious
scriptures are called "holy books" too, but holy can also mean
perfect, good or pure and, like heal and health, comes
from the same root as whole. In this sense it is the norm of
inclusivity itself, when taken proscriptively, which is the
'holiest' of all norms. (Theoretically it would be even 'holier'
not to make any distinction under any circumstances. However,
those adhering to such a principle have, wisely, never spoken
about it.) In order to associate the 'holiness' of the norm of
inclusivity as little as possible with exclusivist writings, we
shall call them "sacred" rather than "holy". This also stresses
their built-in or purported immunity from criticism.
What theodemonical, sacred writings have in common with the
authoritative writings of certain political or other ideologies,
is that they are exclusivistic but not necessarily in every
respect and in every detail. They may contain passages compatible
with the ideal of inclusivity, and that is why they are
'mixed' in a way: mixed exclusive-inclusive. In spite of this,
they entirely deserve the epithet exclusivist(ic), because
inclusivism does not allow for any exclusive belief, attitude or
practise, and definitely not for a preponderance of such
beliefs, attitudes and/or practises. Add to this the perpetual
overrepresentation on the wrong side of especially monotheist
and certain political ideologies in questions of abnegational
discrimination and preferential treatment and it is clear that
their mixed character never made theodemonical and other mixed
writings inclusivistic. Even during an absolute and uninterrupted
reign of a thousand years (and many centuries more than that)
the holiness promised in theodemonical scriptures never prevailed
for any considerable length of time, let alone any 'holiness'
as radiated by the norm of inclusivity.
Perhaps it is not always clear that the mixture is one of
exclusive and inclusive elements, but that exclusivist ideology
is often terribly mixed (if not confused) is quite obvious.
Exclusivist scriptures may recommend peace, justice, equality
and a class- and stateless society at one place, while glorifying
war, submission, lordship and the dictatorship of one
particular class and the state at another place. Theodemonical
tales in particular are tales of both tenderness and violence,
of both bliss and disaster. A male god of love may try to spread
his faith, and adherence to it, with a sword, sulphur and fire,
lopping the heads off nonbelievers who will not convert, driving
entire peoples into the sea and destroying complete cities.
Theodemonical scriptures do not only speak of people who are to
be sacredly stoned, but also about the sort of man who should be
allowed to throw the first stone. A latter-day 'prophet' (that
is, ethical theorist) has religiously tried to modernize this
Stone Age passion by suggesting that not only adulterous women
but also adulterous men should be punished this way, which would
strip it of its sexism. Neither the ancient prophet of the
religious writings nor the latter-day theorist did pronounce
upon stoning to death itself as a penal practise, thus implicitly
accepting and perpetuating its sacredness.
The mixed nature of most scriptures is also the reason why
the ideologies in question are so incoherent (and plagued by
schisms). Or, maybe, it was the other way around: the ideologies
of the people who produced those scriptures were just too
disordered to start with. The pitiful result of this is that
their scriptures are often only coherent where they are immoral,
and only moral where they are incoherent. The incoherence may
even be a straightforward contradiction, for example, when a
divine prophet is reported both as saying, "he that is not with
me is against me" and as saying, "he that is not against us is
for us". Those faithful to incoherent, mixed scriptures like
these ones will therefore in practise have to choose between the
exclusivist statements and the statements which are not incompatible
with the ideal of inclusiveness, interdenominational
inclusiveness in particular. (It does not help to say that no
prescription is more important than, for example, the injunction
to love, if some other, venomous or abominable prescriptions are
not less important.) Altho the adherent may continue to pay
lip-service to a theodemonical or political document as a whole,
'e is forced
(or 'allowed') to make a choice where the different
stories or exegeses of such a document cancel each other out.
However, the adherent cannot then base 'er final choice of what
to say and what to do in concrete cases on emotions or doxastic
norms emanating from the ideology's scriptures themselves. The
interpretation of an incoherent or polyinterpretable, denominational
or political doctrine must be governed by external
emotions or doxastic norms, if not the adherent's character
itself. The attitude underlying the interpretation of mixed
scriptures may, then, be humanistic or antihumanistic, fascistic
or antifascistic, libertarian or antilibertarian, egalitarian
or antiegalitarian, and so on.
The follower of sacred or political writings which speak of
peace, tolerating people and respect for life in one place, and
of holy wars and of fiendishly brutal aggression towards the
same people and towards nonhuman animals in another place, must
choose 'imself
which order to strive for, and which of the
rules laid down in those writings 'e will take seriously. If 'er
choice between the norms and values of the religion or political
ideology is not made purely at random or intuitively, 'e must
base it on norms and values not belonging to this religion
or this political ideology proper. And it is these external
considerations determining 'er decision which might be more or
less of an inclusive nature (for example, if the follower's
interpretation is humanistic or egalitarian). Or, if the
follower's choice was intuitive, this choice might be expressive
of an inclusive ideal.
Any person adhering to an incoherent or polyinterpretable,
exclusivist doctrine can therefore in practise think and behave
in conformity with the norm of inclusivity so far as 'er
relationship with other people is concerned, however much the
doctrine 'e formally espouses may deviate from the inclusivistic
one. This is a reason why it remains absolutely necessary not to
confuse the total rejection of exclusivist ideologies with an
exclusion of the people adhering to or sympathizing with such
ideologies, unless these people show disrespect for other
people's rights to personhood. It is, then, especially important
that they do in no way infringe upon the rights of personhood of
people who do not adhere to, and who do not sympathize with
their religion, theodemonism or political creed, say, by trying
to impose their own systems, rules or symbols upon them.
When the adherents of an exclusivist ideology founded on
mixed scriptures display some kind of humanist, libertarian or
egalitarian attitude which is as close as possible to an
inclusive one, we are, of course, glad that they do so. Yet, we
have to be very cautious (if not suspicious), not only because
of the contradictions in their ideology itself, but also because
of those between the attitude exhibited and large parts of the
doctrine they claim to espouse. Given that there are indeed many
correlations between exclusive beliefs, feelings, tendencies and
actions in the same and in entirely different fields, their
feelings or attitudes with respect to the mixed scriptures of
their ideological doctrine simply cannot be steady when there
are too many discrepancies to cope with. Their ideology allows
them to take on an attitude tomorrow, completely different from
that of today, without any change of faith or allegiance. Since
the norms and values of that ideology are incoherent or admit of
widely divergent interpretations, the adherents may but too
easily modify their views, or pick just another set of norms and
values, when times or circumstances have altered, and when it
suits them. Their present emphasis on some liberal, egalitarian
or peaceful aspect of their creed may be 'warranted' for them,
but so is a possible, future (and so was a past) emphasis on the
most monstrous and murderous exclusionism preached in other
parts of their sacred scriptures or political writings. That's
the negative: the scandalous episodes, statements or implications
which are exegetically hushed up or explained away to
prevent the general public from seeing thru the total scheme of
such a theodemonical or political ideology.
Instead of giving up a 'partially inclusive' attitude by
changing it into a more exclusive one, the adherents of a
religion or political doctrine whose scriptures are mixed may
also change their attitude into an inclusive one by giving up
their exclusivist ideology. (Partially inclusive is a
contradiction in terms, but contradictions is precisely what this
section is about.) It is, then, not necessary that all interest
in the ideology's scriptures be lost as well. But if not, they
are not authoritative anymore and have become merely of
anthropological, historical, literary or speculative-philosophic
significance. Whether people who adhere to an exclusivist ideology
founded upon mixed scriptures will finally abandon their attitude
and interpretation or their ideology itself, in either
case we must conclude that the feelings which characterize them
cannot be expected to be steady and independent of times and
circumstances. Those feelings may only be partially and contingently
inclusive in practise at a certain moment at a certain
place --that's all. Their instability is one of the reasons that
the implementation of ideals compatible with the norm of
inclusivity has never stood the test of time when pursued and
carried out by people with mixed scriptures in their hands.
1.3.2.0
A PROVINCE OF INCLUSIVITY
When a nation* treats the neglected as the preferred,
and the preferred as the neglected;
and when a nation treats the lesser as the greater,
and the greater as the lesser;
and when it thus includes
the adherents of theodemonical and of nontheodemonical**
denominations in a single one;
and when it thus includes
the denominational and the nondenominational in a single one
-- that is,
those who*** believe in the existence of a god and/or demon,
those who believe in the nonexistence of a god and/or demon,
and those who neither believe in the existence
nor in the nonexistence of any god or demon --,
then such a nation shall have entered
one of the provinces of inclusivity.
* : |
instead of "(such) a nation" one may read
"this government", "you", and so on |
** : |
instead of theodemonism one may take another
factor of distinction, for example, the question
of whether a denominational doctrine is religious
or nonreligious, or the factor gender |
***: |
instead of "those who" one may read "the person
who", "what", and so on |
|
Example of another Province of
Inclusivity:
When you treat the neglected as the preferred,
and the preferred as the neglected;
and when you treat the lesser as the greater,
and the greater as the lesser;
and when you thus include
male and female in a single one;
and when you thus include the sexual and the nonsexual
in a single one
-- that is,
what is only male, what is only female,
what is both male and female, and
what is neither male nor female --,
then you shall have entered
one of the provinces of inclusivity.
|