Without a normative principle any focus of relevancy
would be equally acceptable. And without such a principle
any distinction could be made relevant, unless the same distinction
would already have been drawn in the focus of relevance
itself. (But in the absence of any principle applying
to the determinant to be selected, other than the principle of
relevance itself, it would be very difficult to find another
suitable candidate to warrant the distinction in question.)
That a comprehensive normative doctrine does need one or more
principles governing the choice of focuses needs no further
explanation, but why should it be the principle of catenated
neutrality? This question consists of two parts: firstly, why
should the normative principle concerned be a catenical
principle; and secondly, why should according to this principle
neutrality be superior to polarity (other things being equal)?
Nonexclusivist ground-world principles do not distinguish
between primary things (or parts of things) as primary things
per se; if they do distinguish between primary things, then
indirectly because of a predicate they have, but which they do
not have as a matter of logical necessity. A nonexclusivist
ground-world principle merely distinguishes between the one
predicate and the other. Now, such a predicate may be determinative
or nondeterminative, proper or improper, privative or nonprivative,
and catenated or noncatenated. Since a normative
principle must inform us of what a primary thing ought to be
and/or do, the predicate in question should at least be
determinative. Moreover, the principle must also inform us
adequately in terms of our ontology what a thing should be
and/or do, and therefore it must be definable in such a way that
it solely refers to proper predicates or to sets of proper
predicates. This will also dispose of pseudopredicates like
belonging-to-a-certain-class-of-primary-things or
having-certain-primary-things-as-component-parts. (Being-male and
being-female are notorious examples of such pseudopredicates.) It need
not yet automatically dispose of an improper predicate like catenality,
for catenality is having a proper, catenated predicate.
Nonetheless, the fact that there does not really exist a
predicate of catenality may already be sufficient reason not to
believe in any normative principle of catenality. It need not
automatically dispose of privative predicates either, particularly
those which are the negation of a proper predicate, for
the principle might just lay down what a primary thing should
not be or do.
A noncatenical ultimate ground-world principle would prescribe
that a primary thing ought to have the one noncatenated,
nonnormative predicate rather than the or an other of the same
noncatenical aspect. (Altho it may also on the basis of a
catenical principle be better to have the one noncatenated
predicate rather than the or an other, this would merely be so
for derivative, not for ultimate, reasons.) A truly noncatenical
aspect has two predicates which are each other`s negation; if it
has more than two, it can either be subdivided into such
aspects, or there is actually a catenary ordering principle
underlying it. In the event that the principle of ordering the
noncatenical predicates is in fact catenary, the normative
principle concerned is ultimately a catenical one (assuming that
the normative value of the noncatenated predicates is determined
by the position they occupy on the basis of the ordering
principle). In the event that an aspect is truly noncatenical,
the quantity in the determinant concerned is binary, and one of
the two predicates privative. A catenical aspect, too, has a
privative predicate (namely the noncatenality), but besides
this, it has at least three proper, nonprivative predicates (the
catenated ones). One could say that the value of the determinant
is 0 for the privative predicate and 1 for the nonprivative
one; if the aspect is catenical, 0 for noncatenality, 1 for
catenality.
Some might now argue that in the case of a noncatenical
aspect the nonprivative predicate is normatively superior to the
privative predicate, because the nonprivative predicate 'is'
something, and the privative one nothing. The analog in the case
of catenical aspects is that catenality is having something
(that is, having a proper predicate), whereas noncatenality is
having nothing. But if a privative predicate is nothing --which
is correct--, then it is not inferior either. And if a
nonprivative predicate is the only thing of an aspect, there is
nothing it could be superior to. It might be replied that it is
the person or other thing having the nonprivative predicate
which is superior (good in a motivational sense, for instance),
but then existence cannot be the reason why it would be, because
such a person or other thing would exist nevertheless, regardless
of its having the nonprivative predicate or not. This
argument from the normative superiority of existence is as
nonsensical as the historical argument that a perfect being
exists because existence itself is supposed to be a mode of
perfection. Evil exists too, and unfortunately its existence is
not to be preferred to its absence. (On such a preposterous
schema something like killing nonpersonal sentient beings would
in itself be normatively superior to not killing them, that is,
doing nothing.)
There does not seem to be any reason why a noncatenated
ground-world predicate would in itself be normatively superior
to a noncatenated predicate of the same aspect, or even why
catenality would be normatively superior to noncatenality, or
vice versa. That is, there does not seem to be any doctrinal,
ground-world principle to this effect which is universal and
ultimate. Only so far as particular noncatenical aspects are
concerned may there be very good reasons to consider the one
noncatenated predicate better than the other. Isn`t fulfilling a
promise, for instance, normatively superior to not fulfilling
one, or not stealing better than stealing? Altho we must agree
with this, such does not prove, or even make plausible, that
keeping-a-promise and not-stealing are prescribed by ultimate
noncatenical principles. Stealing is even no purely descriptive
or factual-modal notion and thus cannot even be the subject
of a correctly formulated normative principle. An analysis of
stealing or property will make a principle of not stealing a
derivative one, that is to say, a principle based upon other
ultimate principles (one being the metadoctrinal principle
underlying the right to personhood). And even tho keeping a
promise can be analyzed in purely factual-modal terms, adopting
an ultimate principle of promise-keeping is an arbitrary ad hoc
procedure. We will see that such a principle can be founded in
the ultimate (non-ground-world) principle of truth and a derivative
(ground-world) principle of beneficence, and that we do not
have to introduce it as an additional ultimate principle.
We still do need a catenical ultimate doctrinal ground-world
principle to justify our choices of determinants of discriminational
relevance, and to justify our interpretation of the
principle of discriminational relevance itself. Granted that we
have already adopted the noncatenical metadoctrinal principle,
and the noncatenical principles of truth and relevance, there is
no need for an ultimate doctrinal ground-world principle which
is noncatenical as well.