3.1.2 |
THE PRINCIPLE OF CATENATED NEUTRALITY |
The ontological position of
the norm of neutrality
is no different from that of
the norm of inclusivity. The principles of which
the norms of neutrality and inclusivity are interpretations are both
(non-meta-)doctrinal and
nonpropositional. Thus, in the first instance both norms belong
to a first-order normative doctrine, that is, a normative doctrine
about the
ground-world. We have seen how
in this ground-world the principle of
relevance of which the norm of
inclusivity is an interpretation is
supplementary to the principle of
truth. Truth in isolation is not
worth anything, for truth always needs relevance in the end. Similarly,
the principle of
neutrality of which the norm of
neutrality is an interpretation is supplementary to the principle of
relevance. Relevance in isolation is not worth anything either, for also
relevance needs a focus of relevancy in the end. It is the principle of
neutrality which ultimately furnishes this determinant.
Like the principles of truth and relevance, the principle of neutrality is
a normative principle. This means that by adopting the principle
neutrality is considered
normatively superior in the same way as truth and relevance are considered
normatively superior. Just as the principle of relevance tells us only that
relevance is superior to irrelevance, so the principle of neutrality tells
us only that neutrality is superior to unneutrality. It does not imply that
neutrality would be superior to truth, for instance (assuming that such an
assertion would make sense at all).
Theoretically, the quantity belonging to a focus of relevancy
can be a binary quantity, that is, a quantity whose value is
either 0 or 1. (Say, 1 for fulfilling a promise, and 0
for not fulfilling it.) In such a case there is no neutral
value (and no unneutral one) in the strict, direct sense. On the
catenical construction there
simply is no neutral value, because the existence of such a value requires
both that the quantity in question can be larger (or positive) and that it
can be smaller (or negative). But in every other, noncatenical sense of
neutral which somehow still agrees with the word's original meaning
of not which of two, a binary quantity does not have a neutral (or
unneutral) value either. For example, it might be
argued that a flower either has stamens or pistils, or that it
does not have them. In the former case it would not be neutral,
in the latter case it would. But the nonneutrality which
purports to represent only one value here (1, for instance),
actually represents two values, namely the having of stamens
(the organs producing male gametes) and the having of pistils
(the female counterpart). This is the reason why the lack of
both stamens and pistils has been termed "neutral" in the first
place. Yet, this is not the sort of 'neutrality' the principle of
catenated neutrality is
concerned with. It would only be exclusivistic to adhere to a principle
according to which it would be superior to have neither female nor male
reproductive organs, or for that matter, only female or male ones. Any
principle which made the exclusion or possession of certain
organs or parts normatively superior or inferior in itself,
would be exclusivistic. And so would any principle which made a
whole group or class normatively superior or inferior in itself;
for example, the class of nonsexual beings as distinct from the
class of sexual beings, or vice versa.
If the quantity belonging to the focus of relevancy admits of three or more
degrees, it will be a
catenary quantity. (This does
not mean that some artificially construed quantity which can take on three
or more values must be catenary.) In this case one of the nonextreme
values is neutral; which one will depend on the
catenization. The neutrality is,
then, the predicate on the line between negative predicates on
the one hand, and positive ones on the other, while there is
not, and cannot be, another set of nonlimiting predicates from a
logical and catenical point of view. So, unlike the existence of
two sexes on Earth (with the possible addition of a third, nonsexual
division) the existence of one or more negativities, one
or more positivities and of one concatenate neutrality in
between, is not logically contingent. Moreover, a predicative
principle such as the principle of catenated neutrality does not
distinguish one kind of nonpredicative
primary thing, or part of
a thing, from another kind of thing, or part of a thing, but one
kind of predicate from another kind of predicate. By thus
differentiating between predicates, it teaches what proper
predicate a thing should have or not have, that is, what the
thing should be and do, or what it should not be and
not do. To say that catenated neutrality is superior, as in the
case of the principle of catenated neutrality, is to say that the
catenal in question should have
the neutrality of the
catena in question. It is not
yet to say more than that. It may not be 'possible' for the catenal to be
neutral at all, for instance. Or, it may be 'possible' to be neutral in
one respect, and to be neutral in another respect, but not to be
neutral in both respects at once.
The modal condition as expressed by the word possible need
not be of a physical nature. It can also be of a catenical
character. For example, a primary thing which is unneutrally
catenal with respect to a certain catena, but neutrally catenal
with respect to the increase catena of that catena, has first to
become unneutrally catenal with respect to the increase catena
before it can become neutrally catenal with respect to the
original catena. But when it is neutrally catenal with respect
to the original catena, it can, catenically speaking, also be
neutrally catenal with respect to the increase catena. From the
perspective of the principle of neutrality the situation in
which the primary thing is neutrally catenal with respect to
both the original and the increase catena is normatively
superior to any situation in which it is not; that is, all other
things being equal.
The ceteris paribus clause (all other things being equal)
is a crucial one, for it is not hard to conceive of all sorts of
situations in which happiness-catenals would supposedly be
'terribly distressed' if 'everything' were neutral or equal, and
if 'nothing' were allowed to change. Apart from the question of
whether literally everything could indeed be neutral or remain
the same, such reasoning is fallacious. The argument that
happiness-catenals would be very unhappy under certain so-called
'neutral' conditions, is not an argument against neutrality, but
an argument against unhappiness, which by itself is a plainly
unneutral predicate. According to the principle of catenated
neutrality a situation in which a thing's catenality is neutral
or less unneutral is a better one than a situation in which its
catenality is unneutral or more unneutral, granted that there is
no difference in happiness-catenality in both situations, nor
any other catenary difference in any other respect. If there is
such a difference in happiness-catenality, or in other respects,
the ceteris paribus clause does not hold any more. Of course, in
practise this will often be the case, yet to grasp the meaning
of the principle of catenated neutrality we must start with
varying one quantity at a time. For each catenical aspect,
neutrality is superior to unneutrality, and
perineutrality to
non-perineutral unneutrality, all other things being equal.
To have meaning in the first place, the principle of
neutrality can solely apply to nonnormative aspects, since it
is a normative principle itself. If, and insofar as, concepts
like goodness or praiseworthiness and badness or
vice are normative concepts, the principle of neutrality is not
applicable to them, even if they are or were catenary concepts.
It is precisely the function of the principle of neutrality
as a normative principle to establish what is good (namely
neutrality or the promotion of neutrality) and what is more
or less bad (namely unneutrality or the promotion of unneutrality);
and what is recommendable (namely striving for
neutrality) and what is more or less vicious (namely striving for
polarity). Hence, it would be
erroneous to start from the idea that goodness in a purely normative sense
would be the positivity of an
explicit triad (the 'goodness
catena'), and to argue next that one should be neither good nor bad on the
principle of neutrality. It follows precisely from this principle itself
that goodness in a purely normative, universal sense would be the
neutrality of a badness catena, that is, a bipolarity-catena or
quasi-duad. That it is good to be
neutrally catenal or bad to be unneutrally catenal, and that it is
recommendable to strive for neutrality or vicious to strive for
unneutrality as an ultimate value, is what is immediately
implied by the principle of catenated neutrality itself.
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