6.1 |
THE DNI, THE ADHERENT AND CONFLICTING DUTIES |
6.1.1 |
A SYNOPSIS |
The life of sentient and other living beings may be of
derivative value; there is no fundamental principle of life, as
we have seen. When we save and respect life, it is because it is
a person who has a right to live as we have ourselves, or
because we should be beneficent as others should be towards us,
or because we should not disturb the balance of nature. But so
far as the balance of nature is concerned, also nonlife is part
of this balance. So far as beneficence is concerned, it may be
better, under certain circumstances, to let a sentient being die
than to keep it alive. And so far as
personhood is concerned,
the person in question may prefer death to life, a choice which
has to be respected too, if it is a personal one which only concerns
'er own body. Traditional
ideologies or ethical doctrines have often formally recognized a separate
principle of life, because they did not realize what the meaning of such a
principle would be, because they used life in at least two
different senses, or because they did not care about the weak
constitution and the internal conflicts of a
ground-world
doctrine which is pluralistic or more pluralistic than absolutely
necessary. On our analysis there is no need to conceive of
life as an ultimate value in itself, nor is it correct that it
would be. Life being neither a
doctrinal nor a
metadoctrinal,
ultimate value, the normative edifice of
the Ananorm will indeed not have more
than four pillars, as already stated before:
neutrality,
inclusivity,
truth and personhood. The first
three of these pillars are those of the doctrine of
neutral-inclusivity.
Let us now look at a synopsis of the normative content of the
DNI by means of three tables.
The first table in
figure F.6.1.1.1 shows the three pillars
of the DNI.
So far, it is not much different from
figure F.4.4.1.1 which showed the four
pillars of the Ananorm.
But that figure was particularly meant
to display the nesting of the Ananormative systems of disciplinary
thought: neutralism within neutral-inclusivism, neutral-inclusivism
within the DNI and the DNI within the Ananorm. The
figure in this section does not only mention the three principles
(in the first column) on which our doctrine is founded
but also (in the second column) the interpretation which
typifies it. It is each principle together with its specific
interpretation which characterizes one of the DNI's subsystems.
The third column in the table lists the violations of the
principles mentioned in the first column. They are not so much
occasional, one-time violations but more systematic ones (the
anti-systems of
figure F.4.4.1.1).
The fourth column lists ideologies antithetical to the DNI typified by the
particular principle they violate or interpret in a way incompatible with
the doctrine of neutral-inclusivity. Since the DNI is a
denominational doctrine,
the typology of counterideologies is basically a
denominational one too, altho it is partially applicable
to political ideologies as well.
PRINCIPLE |
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INTERPRETATION AND IDEOLOGY |
|
SYSTEMATIC VIOLATION |
|
TYPE OF COUNTERIDEOLOGY |
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|
neutrality (catenated) | |
relevantistic: neutralism | |
extremism or lesser unneutralism | |
denominational or political, extremist or lesser
unneutralist ideology |
relevance (discriminational) | |
neutralistic: inclusivism | |
exclusivism | |
theodemonism (if recognizing one/more principal
beings) |
truth (epistemic or nondoxastic) | |
scientific or otherwise non-supernaturalistic:
veridicalism | |
supernaturalism and customary lying | |
religion (if denominational) |
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Textual copy of figure F.6.1.1.1
Ideology is used in
figure F.6.1.1.1 in a very broad sense,
because it might be said that what is listed are rather facets
of ideologies. In practise
extremist,
theodemonist and religious
ideologies often did not or do not exist side by side; in
practise extremism, theodemonism and religiousness were or are
not seldom characteristics of one and the same ideology. It
should also be noted (again) that the meaning of the terms used
in this and the following tables must to a certain extent be
stipulative. For example, if someone used religion as a
synonym of denominationalism or denominational doctrine,
then 'religion' would in that sense not necessarily be supernaturalistic;
and not theodemonistic or extremist either. This,
however, would not affect what the tables display by any manner
of means. It would merely make the terminology clumsy: everywhere
where we now say "religion", for instance, one would have
to say "supernaturalist religion".
Figure F.6.1.1.2 summarizes the values
and disvalues of the DNI.
For each norm or principle there are at least three values: a
performatory, an
intentional and a
motivational one. And there
is for each of these three values a performatory, intentional
and motivational disvalue. The values are shown in three
columns, or in four to distinguish
perfective from
corrective or
instrumental values. The last
column indicates all perfective disvalues and a number of
decision-theoretical ones. The
values and disvalues listed as belonging to
the supernorm of neutrality and its subnorms need
no further explanation after what we have said about this supernorm in
chapter 3.
The supernorm of inclusivity has as many subnorms
as there are facets of inclusivity. Thus it could be said that there is a
'(sub)norm of ethnical inclusivity' with ethnical inclusivity as perfective
value and ethnical discrimination or ethnical exclusivism as
disvalue. Since
the manifestations of exclusivism
have been quite thoroughly classified in chapter 2, and since it would be
impracticable to repeat all these manifestations and the antithetical
facets of inclusivity here, no subnorms of inclusivity
are listed in
figure F.6.1.1.2.
The corrective-instrumental and decision-theoretical values which are
mentioned parenthetically
(nanaicity,
anafaction and
anafactiveness) belong, strictly
speaking, to the norm of neutrality, but they may be employed in the
integral context of neutralism-inclusivism.
A notion which has not been discussed separately in the
previous chapters of this book is sincerity. Some take
sincere to be a synonym of true or truthful, but
sincerity also requires relevance as a criterion. It is easy to say
something true, or to be truthful, without being sincere; it is
even easier not to say something untrue without being sincere.
For example, it might be true that the members of a certain
group of people do on the average not meet a certain standard.
It would not be untruthful then to tell this to others. But if
the non-members of that group do on the average not meet this
standard either, it is insincere to exclusively look at and
mention that group's shortcomings and not those of all other
people as well. Sincerity does not only require truth (or the
absence of falsity) but relevance (or the absence of irrelevance)
too in the distinctions one makes between what one says
and what one does not say.
Finally, the table of
figure F.6.1.1.3 should make
clear that the DNI is not an (exclusively) consequentialist doctrine,
altho it will be termed by us
"teleological". Even
neutral-inclusivism, and even neutralism, are not exclusively
consequentialistic, because of the past-, present- and future-regarding
character of the DNI in which not only causal but also noncausal
relations count. Insofar as the doctrine of neutral-inclusivity
is future-regarding and causal (that is, concerned with causality), it is
consequentialistic; insofar as it is past-regarding (with the possible
exception of telling the truth about the past) it is antecedentialistic;
and for the rest it may be called "deontological".
In the second column of the table of
figure F.6.1.1.3 it is also listed whether the
normative consideration is 'absolute' or 'relative' (in the case of
catenical and
relevancy-conditional
descriptions), and whether it is 'unitemporal' or
'multitemporal' (in the case of normative considerations of
catenical acts which are future-regarding, causal and relative).
A normative consideration is termed "absolute" here when its
goal is one ideal state of being at a particular moment, and
"relative" when its goal can only be understood by comparing
different states of being. Such different states of being may
either succeed each other in time, or occur at the same moment.
In the former case the normative consideration is described as
"multitemporal", in the latter case as "unitemporal". An
example of a unitemporal relative consideration is that everyone
should have, or be given, the same good at exactly the same
moment. If a similar consideration is multitemporal, then everyone
should also have, or be given, the same but not (necessarily)
at exactly the same moment. An act which is right from a
multitemporal catenical point of view need, of course, not be
right from a relevancy-conditional point of view. Even when
everyone will eventually receive the same, one should not
discriminate against anyone when determining who will get things
first and who will get them later.
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